An outbreak of mushroom poisoning that left one person dead and sickened 20 others has prompted an advisory from the California Département of Public Health (CDPH) warning foragers in the Golden State about the risk of consuming wild mushrooms.
What To Know
Between mid-November and early December, the California Poison Control System reported 21 cases of amatoxin poisoning linked to wild, foraged mushrooms, resulting in one confirmed adult fatality.
Several patients, both adults and children, required intensive medical care, with at least one placed on a transplant list due to severe liver damage.
Most cases were clustered in Monterey County and the San Francisco Bay Area, though officials noted that the risk is present statewide due to favorable growth conditions in the fall and winter months.
Wet weather, especially around hardwood trees like oaks and pines, creates optimal conditions for deadly mushrooms such as the death cap to proliferate.
Mushroom foraging has gained popularity in recent years, propelled by interest in sustainable food practices and gourmet cooking. However, this resurgence has also contributed to a rise in accidental poisonings, as the subtle differences between toxic and edible species are often indistinguishable even to seasoned foragers.
In 2023, America’s Poison Centers logged over 4,500 exposures to unidentified mushrooms nationwide, with roughly half occurring in young children, who are particularly vulnerable to the effects of toxins.
Which Mushrooms Are Deadly?
The prime culprit in the current California outbreak is the death cap mushroom, Amanita phalloides, recognized as one of the world’s deadliest fungi. Another common toxic variety in the region is the “destroying angel.”
Both species closely resemble edible varieties in appearance, taste, and sometimes smell, making misidentification common and potentially fatal.
Death cap mushrooms are typically 2 to 6 inches tall with a yellowish-green hue and often grow near oaks or other hardwood trees. Toxicity is not destroyed by cooking, drying, or freezing.
Effects of Poisonous Mushrooms
Symptoms of death cap poisoning can manifest six to 24 hours after ingestion and include diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and dehydration.
After an apparent recovery, patients may develop severe complications, most notably acute liver failure, within 48 to 96 hours, which can be fatal without urgent medical intervention.
Even prompt medical attention may not be enough in severe cases, sometimes leading to the need for a liver transplant. Children are especially at risk due to their lower body mass and developing organs, according to the Associated Press.
California’s annual incidence of wild mushroom poisonings regularly climbs into the hundreds, according to the state poison control system.
Poisonings are not exclusive to the U.S.; Australia has also witnessed fatal outbreaks involving the death cap mushroom in recent years, including a recent case where a woman fed the deadly mushrooms to members of her ex-husband’s family, killing three. Erin Patterson, 50, received a life sentence with a non-parole period of 33 years.
What People Are Saying
Dr. Erica Pan, CDPH director and state public health officer, said in an official statement on December 5: “Death cap mushrooms contain potentially deadly toxins that can lead to liver failure. Because the death cap can easily be mistaken for edible safe mushrooms, we advise the public not to forage for wild mushrooms at all during this high-risk season.”
CDPH said in a news release December 5: “Death cap mushrooms are found in many parts of California, particularly near oaks and other hardwood trees, including pine trees. Rain events in the fall and winter months create ideal conditions for their growth. Given the grave risk posed by consuming these toxic mushrooms, CDPH strongly advises the public to avoid foraging wild mushrooms and to only consume mushrooms purchased from reputable stores or known commercial sources.”
What Happens Next?
The CDPH has urged Californians to avoid foraging for wild mushrooms entirely during the current high-risk season.
Mushrooms should only be purchased from reputable stores or established commercial sources.
Healthcare providers are encouraged to consult immediately with the California Poison Control System by calling 1-800-222-1222 if mushroom poisoning is suspected.
