Supermassive Black Hole Fires Gas ‘Bullets’—Never Seen Before

A supermassive black hole lurking at the heart of a relatively close galaxy is firing off a rapid-fire slew of ultrafast gas “bullets” into the surrounding galaxy.

This is the conclusion of an international team of astronomers with the U.S./Japanese X-ray Imaging and Spectroscopy Mission (XRISM), whose spacecraft was designed to observe the hot plasma winds that blow through galaxies.

The subject of the study was PDS 456, an active galactic nucleus located some 2.18 giga light-years from the Earth in the constellation of Serpens.

The team say that the energy being carried by the “bullets” of wind is far greater than was expected—and could shake up our understanding of how galaxies and their central black holes evolve in tandem.

“These estimates disfavor both energy-driving and momentum-driving outflow models, which generally assume that a homogeneous wind affects the galaxy interstellar medium in a spherically symmetric way,” the researchers wrote in their paper.

What Is a Supermassive Black Hole?

Supermassive black holes are behemoths that weigh in at several million to billion times the mass of our own sun.

Like their smaller counterparts, their concentrated mass so deforms the fabric of space time that, beyond their “event horizon”, nothing—not even light—is able to escape their gravitational pull.

Astrophysicists suspect that every galaxy may sport a supermassive black hole at its heart, these objects evolving along with their host galaxy.

Exactly what mechanisms underpin this relationship, however, remains unclear—especially given the vast mass and size difference between these paired objects.

How Do Central Black Holes Affect Galaxies?

Crucial to unpicking this puzzling relationship between a galaxy and its central black hole, the researchers note, is understanding the nature of the powerful outflows of gas expelled from around black holes like a cosmic wind.

It is believed that these outflows mediate the linked evolution of supermassive black holes and their host galaxies in two ways.

Firstly, they throttle the growth of the holes by slowing the influx of matter for them to feast upon; secondly, they inject vast amounts of energy into their host galaxies, which has the potential to suppress star formation.

In their study, the researchers used XRISM to observe the gas outflows from PDS 456, finding them to be traveling at some 20–30 percent of the speed of light.

In fact, the energy being carried by these winds is more than 1,000 times that transported in galactic-scale winds, suggesting they may have a more significant role than was thought.

They also revealed that the winds are composed of five distinct parts, each of which are moving through space at different speeds.

According to the researchers, it is this that suggests that either the gas is being ejected periodically—like an explosion from a geyser—or alternatively channeled through gaps in the surrounding interstellar medium.

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Reference

Audard, M., Awaki, H., Ballhausen, R., Bamba, A., Behar, E., Boissay-Malaquin, R., Brenneman, L., Brown, G. V., Corrales, L., Costantini, E., Cumbee, R., Trigo, M. D., Done, C., Dotani, T., Ebisawa, K., Eckart, M., Eckert, D., Enoto, T., Eguchi, S., … XRISM collaboration. (2025). Structured ionized winds shooting out from a quasar at relativistic speeds. Nature. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-025-08968-2